Answers for Wooldridge

Various REGRESSION After finishing this section, you ought to have the option to: comprehend model structure utilizing numerous relapse examination apply different relapse investigation to business dynamic circumstances dissect and decipher the PC yield for a various relapse model test the importance of the free factors in a different relapse model utilize variable changes to demonstrate nonlinear connections perceive possible issues in various relapse examination and find a way to address the issues. ncorporate subjective factors into the relapse model by utilizing sham factors. Different Regression Assumptions The mistakes are typically dispersed The mean of the blunders is zero Errors have a steady difference The model mistakes are autonomous Model Specification Decide what you need to do and choose the needy variable Determine the possible free factors for your model Gather test information (perceptions) for all factors The Correlation Matrix Correlation between the needy variabl e and chose free factors can be discovered utilizing Excel:Tools/Data Analysis†¦/Correlation Can check for factual noteworthiness of connection with a t test Example A wholesaler of solidified desert pies needs to assess factors thought to impact request Dependent variable: Pie deals (units every week) Independent factors: Price (in $) Advertising ($100’s) Data is gathered for 15 weeks Pie Sales Model Sales = b0 + b1 (Price) + b2 (Advertising) Interpretation of Estimated Coefficients Slope (bi) Estimates that the normal estimation of y changes by bi units for every 1 unit increment in Xi holding every single other variable constantExample: on the off chance that b1 = - 20, at that point deals (y) is relied upon to diminish by an expected 20 pies for every week for each $1 increment in selling cost (x1), net of the impacts of changes because of promoting (x2) y-catch (b0) The evaluated normal estimation of y when all xi = 0 (accepting all xi = 0 is inside the scope of wat ched esteems) Pie Sales Correlation Matrix Price versus Deals : r = - 0. 44327 There is a negative relationship among cost and deals Advertising versus Deals : r = 0. 55632 There is a positive relationship among publicizing and deals Scatter DiagramsComputer programming is commonly used to produce the coefficients and proportions of decency of fit for numerous relapse Excel: Tools/Data Analysis†¦/Regression Multiple Regression Output The Multiple Regression Equation Using The Model to Make Predictions Input esteems Multiple Coefficient of Determination Reports the extent of absolute variety in y clarified by all x factors taken together Multiple Coefficient of Determination Adjusted R2 never diminishes when another x variable is added to the model This can be a burden when looking at modelsWhat is the net impact of including another variable? We lose a level of opportunity when another x variable is included Did the new x variable add enough logical capacity to balance the loss of one level of opportunity? Shows the extent of variety in y clarified by all x factors balanced for the quantity of x factors utilized (where n = test size, k = number of free factors) Penalize over the top utilization of insignificant autonomous factors Smaller than R2 Useful in contrasting among models Multiple Coefficient of Determination Is the Model Significant? F-Test for Overall Significance of the ModelShows if there is a straight connection between the entirety of the x factors considered together and y Use F test measurement Hypotheses: H0: ? 1 = ? 2 = †¦ = ? k = 0 (no straight relationship) HA: in any event one ? I ? 0 (at any rate one autonomous variable influences y) F-Test for Overall Significance Test measurement: where F has (numerator) D1 = k and (denominator) D2 = (n †k †1) degrees of opportunity H0: ? 1 = ? 2 = 0 HA: ? 1 and ? 2 not both zero ( = . 05 df1= 2 df2 = 12 Are Individual Variables Significant? Use t-trial of individual variable slants Shows if there is a straight connection between the variable xi and yHypotheses: H0: ? I = 0 (no straight relationship) HA: ? I ? 0 (direct relationship exists among xi and y) H0: ? I = 0 (no straight relationship) HA: ? I ? 0 (direct relationship exists among xi and y) t Test Statistic: (df = n †k †1) Inferences about the Slope: t Test Example H0: ? I = 0 HA: ? I ? 0 Confidence Interval Estimate for the Slope Standard Deviation of the Regression Model The gauge of the standard deviation of the relapse model is: Standard Deviation of the Regression Model The standard deviation of the relapse model is 47. 46 An unpleasant expectation go for pie deals in a given week isPie deals in the example were in the 300 to 500 every week go, so this range is presumably too enormous to be in any way satisfactory. The examiner might need to search for extra factors that can clarify a greater amount of the variety in week after week deals OUTLIERS If a perception surpasses UP=Q3+1. 5*IQR or if a perception is littler than LO=Q1-1. 5*IQR where Q1 and Q3 are quartiles and IQR=Q3-Q1 What to do if there are anomalies? Some of the time it is suitable to erase the whole perception containing the oulier. This will for the most part increment the R2 and F test measurement esteems Multicollinearity: High connection exists between two free variablesThis implies the two factors contribute excess data to the numerous relapse model Including two exceptionally corresponded autonomous factors can unfavorably influence the relapse results No new data gave Can prompt shaky coefficients (huge standard mistake and low t-values) Coefficient signs may not coordinate earlier desires Some Indications of Severe Multicollinearity Incorrect signs on the coefficients Large change in the estimation of a past coefficient when another variable is added to the model A formerly critical variable becomes immaterial when another autonomous variable is addedThe gauge of the standard deviation of the model increments when a variable is added to the model Output for the pie deals model: Since there are just two logical factors, only one VIF is accounted for VIF is < 5 There is no proof of collinearity among Price and Advertising Qualitative (Dummy) Variables Categorical illustrative variable (sham variable) with at least two levels: yes or no, on or off, male or female coded as 0 or 1 Regression blocks are unique if the variable is huge Assumes equivalent inclines for different factors The quantity of sham factors required is (number of levels †1)Dummy-Variable Model Example (with 2 Levels) Interpretation of the Dummy Variable Coefficient Dummy-Variable Models (multiple Levels) The quantity of sham factors is one not exactly the quantity of levels Example: y = house cost ; x1 = square feet The style of the house is additionally thought to issue: Style = farm, split level, condominium Dummy-Variable Models (multiple Levels) Interpreting the Dummy Variable Coefficients (wit h 3 Levels) Nonlinear Relationships The connection between the reliant variable and an autonomous variable may not be direct Useful when disperse graph demonstrates non-straight relationshipExample: Quadratic model The second free factor is the square of the main variable Polynomial Regression Model where: ?0 = Population relapse consistent ?I = Population relapse coefficient for variable xj : j = 1, 2, †¦k p = Order of the polynomial (I = Model blunder Linear versus Nonlinear Fit Quadratic Regression Model Testing for Significance: Quadratic Model Test for Overall Relationship F test measurement = Testing the Quadratic Effect Compare quadratic model with the direct model Hypotheses (No second request polynomial term) (second request polynomial term is required) Higher Order Models Interaction EffectsHypothesizes association between sets of x factors Response to one x variable fluctuates at various degrees of another x variable Contains two-way cross item terms Effect of Intera ction Without collaboration term, impact of x1 on y is estimated by ? 1 With communication term, impact of x1 on y is estimated by ? 1 + ? 3 x2 Effect changes as x2 builds Interaction Example Hypothesize collaboration between sets of autonomous factors Hypotheses: H0: ? 3 = 0 (no communication somewhere in the range of x1 and x2) HA: ? 3 ? 0 (x1 communicates with x2) Model Building Goal is to build up a model with the best arrangement of free variablesEasier to decipher if insignificant factors are evacuated Lower likelihood of collinearity Stepwise relapse system Provide assessment of elective models as factors are included Best-subset approach Try all mixes and select the best utilizing the most elevated balanced R2 and least s? Thought: build up the least squares relapse condition in steps, either through forward choice, in reverse disposal, or through standard stepwise relapse The coefficient of halfway assurance is the proportion of the minimal commitment of every autonomous va riable, given that other free factors are in the modelBest Subsets Regression Idea: gauge all conceivable relapse conditions utilizing every single imaginable blend of free factors Choose the best fit by searching for the most noteworthy balanced R2 and most reduced standard blunder s? Inclination of the Model Diagnostic keeps an eye on the model incorporate confirming the presumptions of numerous relapse: Each xi is straightly identified with y Errors have steady difference Errors are autonomous Error are ordinarily circulated Residual Analysis The Normality Assumption Errors are thought to be typically dispersed Standardized residuals can be determined by computerExamine a histogram or an ordinary likelihood plot of the normalized residuals to check for ordinariness Chapter Summary Developed the different relapse model Tested the essentialness of the various relapse model Developed balanced R2 Tested individual relapse coefficients Used sham factors Examined association in a diffe rent relapse model Described nonlinear relapse models D

Motivation Concepts and Skill Building

Question: Examine about theMotivationfor Concepts and Skill Building. Answer: Presentation One of the issues that can be distinguished during the inspiration of the workers is authority. It is a piece of any association that upgrades the association for the development and improvement of it. Pioneers are not being mistaken for the chiefs. Pioneers are those people who manages and propels the representatives as per various possibilities, as various representatives have distinctive reasoning and the imagining power towards their work, pioneers encourages them as needs be. Coordinating the group is considered as one of the prime difficulties looked by pioneers around the world. Bearings resemble group building, building up a group, just as dealing with the group are there obligations and this is the place they face the difficulties. From time to time, directors think that its troublesome in imparting pride in his/her group or approaches to help the group, driving a group with an impressive number of workforce, and interesting points while assuming control over an absolutely new group. I have adequate information in the event of worker inspiration as I have a HR the board degree from a decent college. I likewise have functioned as a HR and headed numerous gatherings, commitment and overviews in representative inspiration in various organizations. I likewise have functioned as a Line Manager in the U.K. for quite a long while from which I have accumulated enough understanding. I am composing the article with the assistance of my gathered experience as it were. I at first came to think about the significance of spurring workers as I read about the issue in pretty much every association all through the planet hypothetically. In any case, experienced it basically as I began filling in as a HR. I began understanding that to have gainful and steady creation, the representatives must be inspired constantly with the goal that they can exceed expectations their efficiency unfailingly. Be that as it may, if any arrangement with respect to representative inspiration isn't set up, it turns out to be extremely difficult to have a consistency in maintaining the business. The explanation being glad workers are progressively profitable, engaged and steadfast towards their boss. On the off chance that business deals with their representatives, workers will likewise deal with their manager. This side effect is perceptible wherever on the planet. At the point when I began working, I was placed into a group of four. There I was the one in particular who had great handle in communicated in English. My degree in HR helped me a great deal to assist my bosses with having a vigorous representative inspiration strategy set up. A few difficulties are being looked by the pioneers while creating and preparing the group. Acquiring change is another test for the a large portion of the administrators. They here and there goof up joining together, tolerating and in the end driving the change inside the group. Managing change may incorporate procedures of alleviating results, conquer protection from change, and manage representatives response to change. Inward Stakeholders are should be overseen appropriately and legislative issues goes about as a test of working with the connections, picture and governmental issues. This test incorporates picking up help from the administrative end and managing up and getting purchase in from various divisions, groups or people Understanding that these challenges are typical experiences for focus and senior boss is valuable to both the pioneers and those blamed for their progression, according to our pros. Individuals can benefit by realizing their experiences as pioneers are more near than different and can feel increasingly sure about interfacing with others to assist them with learning and defy these challenges. From the start I expect that we need to understand what inspiration is before we can grasp why there are heaps of persuasive theorys. I speculate that that we need will comprehend what is inspiration before understanding what the reasons of different persuasive theories are. Inspiration begins from the Latin word movere, inferring 'to move' which starts as conviction, need, feeling and typical state which urges a man to make a move. A man's execution grinding away is influenced by a couple of individual parts (Personality, perspectives and sentiments, inspiration, quickness) yet especially, by Motivation. The word reference delineates inspiration as the inspiration driving why some individual accomplishes something or acts especially. There are two major sorts of inspiration speculations and procedure speculations, the substance theories take a gander at the necessities that people have, it joins 4 area speculations: Maslow's dynamic methodology of requirements model, Alderfer's fair need chain of essentialness model, McClelland's accomplishment inspiration hypothesis and Herzberg's two-enroll theorys. The Process Theories are an essentialness about the point of view that impact encourage. The immense strategy theorys of inspiration join Vroom's foreknowledge hypothesis, target setting hypothesis, and post hypothesis and Adams' regard speculation. Physiological necessities are food, drink, safe house and sex, Safety needs are the security and assurance from physical and scorching damage. Social needs propose a prerequisite for veneration. That closes a man will attempt astounding connection with individuals and a spot inside there get-together. The requirements that Maslow has at the make of the pyramid depend considering key needs worried with endurance or lower manage essentials, and these must be fulfilled before a man can go to the running with level on the chain of criticalness of necessities until self-affirmation which Maslow battled that excusing the way that everyone can, tolerably hardly any total this level. In all inspiration theorys there are continually remarkable conditions and loads, Maslow has been mindful about his hypothesis himself, in a presentation he passed on: My inspiration hypothesis was appropriated 20 years back and in all that time no one rehashed it, or attempted, or really disconnected it or criticized it. They generally utilized it, gulped down it with fundamentally the minor change Clayton Alderfer proposed the ERG hypothesis, which is on a staggeringly fundamental level equivalent to Maslow's hypothesis, it in like way plots needs as a chain of massiveness. The letters ERG remain for three degrees of necessities: Existence, Relatedness, and Growth. This speculation depends on upon crafted by Maslow, so it has a ton which is proportional with it notwithstanding it in like course contrasts in some key edges. He battles that Maslow's hypothesis isn't flexible and thusly of this individuals may contort up clearly staggered as they are not set up to move to the running with stage. Alderfer has kept Maslow's five level theorys into three levels; this hypothesis is progressively adaptable as individuals can go any place all through the dynamic structure if their necessities continue progressing. Fredrick Herzberg's tidiness inspiration hypothesis, Frederick Hertzberg prompted certain parts in the workplace cause work satisfaction, while others instigate frustration, he proposed the 'Two Factor speculations of human inspiration in the work space, he perceived that man has two systems of necessities one as an animal to evade torment and the second as a man to grow sensibly. Hertzberg expect that the development or the start pieces, for instance, achievement, the work its self, commitment and advance are the basic driver of occupation satisfaction. Tidiness finds the disappoints using the articulation neatness are viewed as upkeep perceive that are to keep up a basic parcel from disillusionment anyway with no other individual's information don't give satisfaction association structure, alliance, management social affiliations, working conditions pay status and security. Hertzberg used two open completed interest 'show me concerning a period when you felt unimaginably confusing about your occupation.' and 'enlighten me as for a period when you felt extraordinarily stunning about your work'. Herzberg isolated a substitute degree of specialists twelve unquestionable assessments educated the hypothesis. There have been specific responses of this hypothesis one being a few pros have used obvious structures and have not could avow the hypothesis there for the speculation is supposed to be strategy bound starting late Hertzberg's tale framework can keep up the theory. Assorted critics watched it to be excessively important that Hertzberg's theory fits so genially into two boxes, customary adding to work satisfaction and outward to obliterated yearning. In the review by Ewan (1963) found that once in a while the neatness figure, bewilders gone about as satisfiers and satisfiers, embellishments welcomed on both satisfaction and chaos. Looking all the all the all the more bewildering inspirational theories David McClelland Need for Achievement Theory endorsed that a man's specific needs are made sure about after some time and are kept by a people edifying experiences. A titanic bit of the necessities can be classed as achievement, connection, or force. A people inspiration in a particular business is affected by these three needs. McCelland expected that having the right resources open, for instance, grungy materials, time, having the right capacities to complete the occupation and what's more having the key help to do what ought to be done like expert help, or right information at work, McCelland perceived that paying little character to the likelihood that two of the three were met that there would at present not guarantee inspiration and all of the three must be met to fulfill obliging inspiration. The longing hypothesis of inspiration is by Victor Vroom. Victor Vroom is unmitigated contrasting to Maslow and Hertzberg, Vroom focuses on results not on necessities. Hurting is the conviction that more effort will induce better execution. Looking theorys of inspiration I expect that there are specific speculations of inspiration as there is neither an unavoidable reality theory all appear to

Lea-der! Lea-der! Bat-man!

Lea-der! Lea-der! Bat-man! Ann Curry is my idol. This NBC reporter is somehow able to balance an aura of professionalism, grace, and personality whether she’s reporting on the economy or having fun on “The Today Show.” She’s actually one of the reasons I have an interest in journalism today. What’s incredible to me is the fact that the granddaughter of a Japanese rice farmer can fit so well within a career that is still considered to be male-dominated. According to The Secrets of Powerful Women, women represent only 17% of the seats in Congress, lead only 15 Fortune 500 companies, and hold a mere 3 percent of top positions in mainstream media. In a Brown University study of 1,000 men and 1,000 women, this book said women were twice as likely to say they were not qualified to run for office. When women do run, they win in same percentages that men do. It sounds silly, but this is just one of those hidden truths. When I first heard about the Gordon Engineering Leadership Program, I didn’t want to apply because I honestly did not think I could be both an engineer and a leader. Isn’t being just one of those hard enough? I didn’t give myself a reason to step up, but thankfully someone else did. I got an email from the program saying a member of my department had recommended I join the GEL program, and that was all I needed to apply. Just a little jolt of confidence can really go a long way! Before you read any further, I want to emphasize that the point of this isnt to suggest that men are poorer leaders than women. My point is that, despite being the land of opportunity, the US is ranked 71st internationally in women’s political representation. Even though newsrooms are full of women, all those women are less likely to be in top editorial positions. Before this summer, I probably wouldn’t have paid too much attention to these statistics. This June, I attended the National Conference for College Women Student Leaders in College Park, Maryland, and met women similar to Mrs. Curry who had the drive and courage to enter certain careers in a time when women just didn’t do that. I decided to attend this conference because I wanted to step out of the MIT bubble and interact with other aspiring leaders from across the nation. My biggest lessons from this event simply came from talking to conference speakers and fellow attendees. On the second night, I met with Marie Tillman, whose husband Pat Tillman died in Afghanistan after leaving the NFL to join the Army. Marie was honored by the conference committee as a Woman of Distinction for her advocacy for military and veteran families through the Pat Tillman Foundation, which she founded in 2004. The fact that this powerful woman was willing to talk one-on-one with the conference-goers showed me that no one is too “high and mighty” to help a fellow woman. Talking to my fellow conference-goers was also an eye-opening experience. When I told one woman that I was a chemical engineer, she asked if I was the only woman in my classes. What a strange question, I thought. Of course not. This happened three more times that day. I realized that some people still don’t consider engineering as a “woman’s subject,” and I was shocked. If there’s one thing I learned from this weekend, it’s that we need to get the message out to girls that they can aspire to a future in science and engineering. I brought up this point to the conference’s keynote speaker, Laurie Westley, who is the national director of government relations and advocacy for Girl Scouts of the USA (GSUSA). I talked to her about how I’m interested in science and engineering, and she referred me to the Eastern Massachusetts Council of the GSUSA in Boston, which sponsors a variety programs for young girl scouts. This leads to one of those lessons you just learn with practice: networking works. Check back next week for part two of this blog entry, in which I’ll share with you my story about bumping up against the glass ceiling. *The title of this entry is a quote from one of the longest-running prime-time United States television series. Do you know what show that is?

Essay on A Christians View of Marriage - 1318 Words

A Christians View of Marriage Some Christians believe that marriage should be the ultimate relationship. When two people get married they make a vow to stay in a life long committed relationship. . It is a Christian promise made before God and is significant and of great importance amongst all Christian denominations despite certain differences in opinions. However, sometimes a variety of different circumstances can affect the longevity of a marriage. For example adultery is considered as a valid reason for a divorce as it is the breaking of one of the Ten Commandments, as Jesus taught â€Å"if a man divorces a woman for any other cause than her unfaithfulness, then he is guilty of making her commit†¦show more content†¦An example is in the Orthodox Church the Church will grant a divorce and allow remarriage. There used to be a special service where the marriage would be ended, and when a second marriage takes place within the Orthodox Church, it is less joyful than the first. Although the Orthodox Church allows divorce and remarriage, very rarely is a third marriage permitted. Quakers believe that if there is no spiritual union between husband and wife, then there is no point in having a marriage. However some Catholics believe if a marriage is not life long then the sacrament is not as special as it should be. It should be life long because vows for a life long relationship were made before God and â€Å"what God has joined together let no man put asunder† (Mark 10:9). Within a marriage people are also given the opportunity to start a family. To some Catholics, this may be reason enough to stay in a marriage. Marriage is also important as it controls sexual behaviour by encouraging abstinence until marriage. In my opinion marriage is a very important sacrament and marks a milestone in two people’s lives. I think it should be taken seriously and cherished as it is a declaration of love and commitment to each other as well as to God. I believe it is possible to have life long marriages; however I understand that in someShow MoreRelatedGay Rights And Religious Freedom1265 Words   |  6 Pagesscrolling through social media is well aware of the ongoing dispute between the LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transsexual) community and the freedom of religion. Over the past few months the issue has reached a climax due to the approval of same sex marriage, and this has resulted in riots, protests, and immoral treatment. This nationwide decision has had such a negative impact on Christianity, which makes up the majority of the United States it is rather questionable when this societal matter will ceaseRead MoreChristianity1417 Words   |  6 Pagesteachings of Jesus. Christians share a set of beliefs that are important to their faith, they believe that God created the universe, God is a single ruler, Jesus is the son of God, Jesus suffered and was crucified for our sins and Heaven and Hell. 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To What Extent Was The Australian Nation Was Changed By...

Discuss the extent to which the Australian Nation was changed by its involvement in WWII Australia saw many changes during the course of the Second World War. WWII begun on September 3 1939 when Britain declared war on Germany due to the German invasion of Poland 2 days prior. (www.anzacday.org.au/history/ww2/overview/ww2-01.html) Because Australia was allies with Great Britain, Prime Minister, Robert Menzies, declared war on Germany stating â€Å"that in consequence of a persistence by Germany in her invasion of Poland, Great Britain has declared war upon her and that, as a result, Australia is also at war.†(Prime Minister, Robert Menzies’ declaration of war speech – www.ww2australia.gov.au/wardeclared/) Changes that occurred in Australia effected the political, economic and social factors of our National Identity, some of which being permanent whilst others were only temporary. In the duration of WWII, Australia underwent significant permanent changes relevant to the government that resulted in an increase in National Independence. The Commonwealth Parliament passed the Statue of Westminster Adoption Act in 1943, giving Australia independence and control over their armed forces. This was a hugely significant event that permanently changed the nation. Another event of high importance that caused permanent change in Australia was John Curtin’s speech announcing that Australia’s main ally had shifted from being Great Britain to America. â€Å"I make it quite clear that AustraliaShow MoreRelatedModern History.Hsc.2012 Essay25799 Words   |  104 Pagescausing the great depression? The significance of the republic policies were great, they brought a lot of growth in the 20’s allowing the market to strive over lots of trading and the purchase of shares, but was also an unstable market, as the government had no control over what it did and was left up to the private sector almost to run the market. Entry of the United States world war 1 Non-Intervention - The United States originally pursued a policy of non-intervention, avoiding conflict

Causes of Tsunami Free Essays

The Causes of Tsunami All tsunamis are caused by the sudden displacement of large volumes of water. All are the result of violent events with enough power to displace large volumes very rapidly. Moreover, Tsunamis are often referred to high waves of water caused by changes in the flow and surge of the ocean. We will write a custom essay sample on Causes of Tsunami or any similar topic only for you Order Now On the other hand, Tsunamis can be caused by a few different factors, which are an earthquake, a large-scale undersea landslide, a submarine volcanic eruption (Cause of Tsunami, n. d. ). Firstly, the vast majority of tsunamis results from the earthquake. The earth’s surface is covered by the continents and sea floor which are parts of the world-wide system of plates that are in the very slow motion. An earthquake occurs where the edges of plates run into one another, which are called faults or fault lines. The forces along faults sometimes can build-up over long periods of time. Therefore, when rocks finally break, the earthquake happens. For example, some features generated by the forces released along the edges of plates faults are the Andes Mountains in South America, which occurred on land and the Aleutian Trench near Alaska, which occurred under water. When rapid and powerful faulting occurs near the ocean or underneath the ocean, the large earthquake will be generated and possibly being the tsunami (What causes tsunami? , n. d. ). The process of a happening of tsunami is complicated. The magnitude and depth of earthquake, the water depth in the region of tsunami generation, the amount of vertical motion of the sea floor, the rapidity of such motion, whether there is coincident subsidence of sediments and the efficiency which the energy is transferred from crust of the earth to water in the ocean are all parts of the generation mechanism of Tsunamis. The energy accumulates in the major plate until it exceeds the frictional forces between the two stuck plates. When this situation happens, the major plate snap back into an unrestrained position. This motion is suddenly the cause of the tsunami because it gives a gigantic push to the overlying water. Additionally, at the same time of the happening, the inland areas of the major plate are suddenly lowered (What causes Tsunamis? , 2012). However, not all earthquakes generate tsunamis. To generate tsunamis, earthquakes must occur underneath or near the ocean, be large and create movements in the sea floor. All oceanic regions of the world can experience tsunamis, but in the Pacific Ocean there is a much more frequent occurrence of large, destructive tsunamis because of the many large earthquakes along the margins of the Pacific Ocean. Secondly, underwater landslides, coastal landslides falling into the ocean can displace enough water to generate a tsunami. Undersea landslides occur when there is a large amount of sediment dislodged from the seafloor which displaces a water column and potentially creating tsunami. Land sliding into the sea is usually caused by an earthquake. It may also cause destructive local tsunami (What causes tsunami? , n. d. ). For instance, there is a case in 1958 where Lituya Bay in Alaska faced a tsunami caused by rockslide which an enormous boulder was loosed by an earthquake and then fell into the bay. The mass of rock striking the bay’s surface created a gigantic splash, which sent water wave to the height of 1720 feet (Lituya Bay Close Up, n. d. ). Last but not least, though less common, volcanic eruptions and submarine explosions which occur near or under the ocean can all cause sufficient displacement of water to generate a tsunami. These can be occurred in several ways. One possibility is destructive collapses of coastal. Inland and underwater volcanoes result in massive landslides. They break down and collapse, so they release large amounts of ash and debris into the water. In addition, pyroclastic flows, which are the mixtures of dense including hot blocks, ash, pumice, and gas, plunging down volcanic slopes into the water pushing water outwards. A volcano collapsing after an eruption also causes overlying water to drop suddenly. Tsunamis can also be induced by submarine volcanoes. These underwater volcanoes can collapse downwards or spew forth lava heating the surrounding water quickly (What causes Tsunamis? , 2012). References Lituya Bay Close Up (n. d. ) Retrieved from http://www. usc. edu/dept/tsunamis/alaska/1958/webpages/lituyacloseup. html What causes tsunami? (n. d. ) Retrieved from http://beachsafe. org. au/tsunami/ema/pages/04_causes. html Cause of Tsunami (n. d. ) Retrieved from http://tsun. sscc. ru/tsulab/tgi_4. htm What causes Tsunamis? (November 12, 2012) retrieved from http://www. ga. gov. au/hazards/tsunami/tsunami-basics/causes. html How to cite Causes of Tsunami, Essay examples

Essay about Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Example For Students

Essay about Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Introduction One of the rarest of congenital cardiac defects is Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome, HLHS. This syndrome is described as a collection of anomalies affecting the left heart and connecting structures. Due to advancements in surgical intervention mortality rates in neonates with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome have decreased. Management of these patients requires a symphony of multidisciplinary teams including fetal and pediatric cardiologist, cardiac surgeons, neonatologist, pulmonologist, nutritionist and family counselors. Options currently comprise of heart transplant, three-staged palliative surgery and comfort care. There may be co-morbidities present which further complicate treatment, but with surgical intervention the prognosis of this once deemed fatal condition is improved. This paper will examine the anatomy and abnormal function of the hypoplastic left heart, three staged surgical intervention and management of patient with HLHS. Body Anatomy Hypoplastic left heart syndrome is a congenital heart defect where the structures in the left heart are severely underdeveloped. The left ventricle, aorta and aortic arch are unable to adequately pump and deliver blood to the body due to their size. Aortic and mitral valve stenosis or atresia is present and in some cases atrial septal defect accompanies. (CDC) Normal fetal circulation involves the use of three shunts that act as liver, heart and lung bypass in order to supply the systemic circulation of oxygen rich blood. Fetal blood is oxygenated by the placenta and travels to the fetus via the umbilical vein. The ductus venous the first shunt which encountered and channels oxygenated blood pass the liver. The shunted blood is then carried via the inferior vena cava to the right atrium. Here the second shunt is encountered, the foramen ovale which is a normal atrial septal defect at this stage. The blood that does not cross the foramen ovale into the left atrium is emptied into the right ventricle which is then pumped into the pulmonary artery to be carried to the lungs. The third fetal shunt is encountered; the ductus arteriosus allows blood to be shunted from the pulmonary artery to the aorta and systemic arteries following. Blood that does go to the lungs are returned by the pulmonary veins to the left atrium and emptied into the left ventricle. (Perinatal and Pediatric Respiratory Care, Ch2 p 17-18) Shortly after birth due to changes in vascular resistance blood is redirected to the lungs for oxygenation and these shunts are no longer required leading to their closure within a few days postpartum. In HLHS, because the left heart structures are insufficient to receive and pump adequate amounts of oxygenated blood to supply the tissues the patency of the foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus are essential to sustaining life. (PubMed – ADAM Medical Encyclopedia, 2013) Medical intervention is needed to maintain the patency of the ductus arteriosus and an atrial septal defect is created in place of the foramen ovale. Pharmacological therapy would include; prostaglandin E1 or E2 to maintain the patency of the ductus arteriosus, diuretics, dobutamine to increase contractility of the volume loaded right ventricle. (The Lancet) Postpartum Management of HLHS If HLHS is not diagnosed prenatally, the baby may seem typical for a newborn but will soon exhibit symptoms of the syndrome. Symptoms include cyanosis, cold hands and feet, lethargy, weak pulse, poor sucking and feeding, pounding heart, tachypnea and shortness of breath. (A.D.AM Medical Encyclopedia) Upon auscultation a heart murmur could be heard and chest x-ray reveals enlarged spherical heart, with increase pulmonary makings. (CDC, text ch30 p527) Once the diagnosis of Hypoplastic Left Heart is confirmed by echocardiogram treatment is aggressive to stabilize the ventilator and circulatory status. Infants are admitted into the NICU and mechanical ventilation may be instituted to reduce work of breathing, apneic episodes or other complications of prophylaxis treatment. (The Lancet, Soe04) Pharmaceutical intervention includes administration of prostaglandin infusion to secure ductal patency. Diuretics are used to reduce blood volumes and lower blood pressure. Inotropic drugs namely dobutamine is used to address increased volume load of the right heart by improving contractility. (The Lancet) Pulmonary overcirculation, systemic and coronary hypoperfusion are complications of the unbalance pulmonary vascular and systemic resistance. This is managed by increasing pulmonary vascular resistance. Which can be achieved by inducing relative hypoxemia (administering FiO2 21% usually 17-21% with PaO2 @ 70-80%) or by hypercarbic therapy whi ch aims to elevate PaCO2 in order to induce respiratory acidosis (target 7.20 min 7.15 max 7.30) (Peds text ch 30 p527) It is the decision of the neonates parents to decide course of surgical intervention. Options are cardiac transplant, three staged palliative surgery. When family decision or presentation of comorbidities indicate cardiac transplant, stenting of the ductus arteriosus can be performed to maintain patency until transplant. It may also be necessary to perform a balloon atrial spetostomy to maintain patency of the foramen ovale. (New England Journal of Medicine, The Lancet) .ua53a0247efb27fcce2f1b815df27bda9 , .ua53a0247efb27fcce2f1b815df27bda9 .postImageUrl , .ua53a0247efb27fcce2f1b815df27bda9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua53a0247efb27fcce2f1b815df27bda9 , .ua53a0247efb27fcce2f1b815df27bda9:hover , .ua53a0247efb27fcce2f1b815df27bda9:visited , .ua53a0247efb27fcce2f1b815df27bda9:active { border:0!important; } .ua53a0247efb27fcce2f1b815df27bda9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua53a0247efb27fcce2f1b815df27bda9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua53a0247efb27fcce2f1b815df27bda9:active , .ua53a0247efb27fcce2f1b815df27bda9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua53a0247efb27fcce2f1b815df27bda9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua53a0247efb27fcce2f1b815df27bda9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua53a0247efb27fcce2f1b815df27bda9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua53a0247efb27fcce2f1b815df27bda9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua53a0247efb27fcce2f1b815df27bda9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua53a0247efb27fcce2f1b815df27bda9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua53a0247efb27fcce2f1b815df27bda9 .ua53a0247efb27fcce2f1b815df27bda9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua53a0247efb27fcce2f1b815df27bda9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay on Use Of Fluid Resuscitation Following TraumaThree-stage Surgery Goals of surgical intervention is delivery of oxygenated blood to the body via the expanded aorta, creation of a new path for deoxygenated blood to reach the lungs reduce the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mixing. The first stage is the Norwood procedure which is usually performed with in the first week of life. The Norwood procedure consists of removing the wall between the atria and expanding the aorta by using the pulmonary valve and artery. The newly constructed aorta and coronary arteries are connected to the right ventricle. A modified Blalock-Taussig shunt is placed between the right subclavian artery and the right pulmonary artery. (peds text, pg528) This stage reduces over circulation to the lungs and improves the circulation of higher oxygenated blood to the body thereby, matching pulmonary and systemic circulation by means of a univentricular pump. (The Lancet) Research suggests that the success of survival after the Norwood procedure can be increased when Ext racorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) support is implemented immediate post-operative or during the procedure. (CHEST, 2003) â€Å"ECMO can enable myocardial recovery and improve oxygen delivery which may in turn improve neurological outcomes† (the Lancet) The second stage cavo-pulmonary shunt also called the Bi-directional Glenn Procedure is preformed when the infant is four to six months. This procedure aims to reduce the workload of the right ventricle by separating the pulmonary artery from systemic circulation and returning oxygen poor blood directly to the lungs. The superior vena cava is detached from the right atrium and attached directly to the pulmonary artery. The B-T shut placed in stage one is removed. (The Lancet) Fontan Procedure is the final stage of the three stage palliative surgery. It is generally done between 18months and three years of age. The goal of this stage is to eliminate the mixing of blood in the right heart; where all systemic venous return flows directly to the lungs, with completely saturated blood returning to the right heart. By redirecting the inferior vena cava to the pulmonary artery, oxygen –poor blood from the lower part of the body will circulate directly into the lungs. Blood flow in a infant that has survived this staged reconstruction is as follows; oxygen-poor blood returns directly to the lungs via the new connection between the pulmonary arteries and the superior and inferior vena cava. Gas exchange occurs in the lungs which then return oxygen-rich blood via the pulmonary arteries Superior and inferior vena cava carry deoxygenated blood directly to the lungs by dumping into the pulmonary artery. Blood is then returned to the heart by the pulmonary veins to the left and right atria which are now connected then to the right ventricle which functions as the main pumping chamber. Blood exits the heart via the reconstructed aorta which has been attached to the pulmonary artery trunk. The circulatory pathway is not restored to normal but redirected to ensure adequate gas exchange in the lungs as well as creating a sufficient pump in the right ventricle to support adequate systemic circulation.